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A review on co-pyrolysis of coal and oil shale to produce coke

Xiangchun Liu, Ping Cui, Qiang Ling, Zhigang Zhao, Ruilun Xie

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 504-512 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1850-z

摘要： It has become the top priority for coking industry to rationally use and enlarge coking coal resources because of the shortage of the resources. This review focuses on the potential utilization of oil shale (OS) as a feedstock for coal-blending coking, in which the initial and basic step is pyrolysis. However, OS has a high ash content. If such OS is directly used for coal-blending coking, the coke product will not meet market demand. Therefore, this review firstly summarizes separation and beneficiation techniques for organic matter in OS, and provides an overview on coal and OS pyrolysis through several viewpoints (e.g., pyrolysis process, phenomena, and products). Then the exploratory studies on co-pyrolysis of coal with OS, including co-pyrolysis phenomena and process mechanism, are discussed. Finally, co-pyrolysis of different ranks of coals with OS in terms of coal-blending coking, where further research deserves to be performed, is suggested.

关键词： coal oil shale co-pyrolysis coal blending coking coke

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Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

Tiezheng Tong, Kenneth H. Carlson, Cristian A. Robbins, Zuoyou Zhang, Xuewei Du

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1147-y

摘要：

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition.

• Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater.

• Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy.

• Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems.

• Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable.

关键词： Shale oil and gas production Wastewater treatment and reuse Membrane technology Pretreatment Academia-industry collaboration

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Effective diffusivity of oxygen in the ash layer of Huadian oil shale semicoke

Yiqun HUANG, Yiran LI, Man ZHANG, Boyu DENG, Hao KONG, Junfeng WANG, Junfu LYU, Hairui YANG, Lingmei WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 320-327 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0674-3

摘要： Diffusion of oxygen in the ash layer usually dominated the combustion of oil shale semicoke particles due to the high ash content. Thus, effective diffusivity of oxygen in the ash layer was a crucial parameter worthy of careful investigation. In this paper, the effective diffusivity of oxygen in the ash layer of Huadian oil shale semicoke was measured directly using an improved Wicke-Kallenbach diffusion apparatus. The experimental results showed that higher temperature would lead to a higher effective diffusivity and a thicker ash layer had the negative effect. Especially, the effective diffusivity along the direction perpendicular to bedding planes was much lower than that along the direction parallel to bedding planes. In addition, an effective diffusivity model was developed, which could be used to describe the mass transfer of oxygen in the ash layer of oil shale semicoke.

关键词： oil shale semicoke diffusivity pore structure ash layer

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Effect of oil shale semi-coke on deposit mineralogy and morphology in the flue path of a CFB burning

Zhuo LIU, Jianbo LI, Mingming ZHU, Xiaofeng LU, Zhezi ZHANG, Dongke ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 26-37 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0668-1

摘要： The effect of oil shale semi-coke (SC) on the mineralogy and morphology of the ash deposited on probes situated in the flue path of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) which burns Zhundong lignite (ZD) was investigated. 10 wt% or 20 wt% SC was added to ZD, which were then combusted in the CFB furnace at 950°C. Two probes with vertical and horizontal orientations were installed in the flue duct to simulate ash deposition. Both windward and leeward ash deposits on probes (P W, P L, P W and P L) were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES, and a particle size analyzer. When ZD was burned alone, the P W deposit was comprised of agglomerates (<30 m) enriched in CaSO and Na SiO , incurring significant sintering. The P L and P W deposits, however, were of both discrete and agglomerated particles in similar mineral phases but with coarser sizes. The P L deposit was mainly fine ash particles where Na SiO and Na SO were absent. As SC was added, the agglomerates in both P W and P L decreased. Moreover, SiO and Ca/Na aluminosilicates dominated the mineral phases whereas Na SiO and Na SO disappeared, showing a decrease in deposit stickiness. Likewise, the P W deposit was found less spread on the probe, decreasing its deposition propensity. Na-bearing minerals turned into (Na, K)(Si Al)O and (Ca, Na)(Si, Al) O in the P W deposit. Moreover, Na in the deposits decreased from 32 mg/g to less than 15 mg/g as SC presented. The addition of SC would therefore help alleviate the propensity of ash deposition in the flue path in the CFB combustion of ZD.

关键词： ash deposition circulating fluidized bed (CFB) mineral transformation oil shale semi-coke (SC) Zhundong lignite (ZD)

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页岩油气革命

Lance A. Davis

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第4期页码 438-439 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.06.003

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济阳坳陷渤南洼陷页岩油气形成条件研究

张善文,王永诗,张林晔,李政, 朱家俊,巩建强,郝运轻

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 49-55

摘要：

通过大量地震、钻井、测井、矿物、地球化学、物性资料分析，认为济阳坳陷渤南洼陷古近系沙一段、沙三下和沙四上亚段页岩分布面积广，有机质丰度高，有机质类型以I—II型为主，有机质成熟度分布范围宽，具备形成大量页岩油气的物质基础，三套泥页岩全岩矿物组成中粘土矿物含量低，脆性矿物含量高，以碳酸盐含量为主，利于页岩油气的开采。页岩中压力系数高，各类微孔隙、微裂缝发育，从而容易形成网状的油气储存体系，利于页岩油气的保存。含油、水饱和度分析资料显示，渤南洼陷沙三下亚段12上—13上层组页岩中具有较高的单位岩石含油气量，是页岩油气勘探的有利层段，其中的纹层状泥质灰岩是最有利的岩石类型，具有较好的页岩油气勘探前景。

关键词：页岩油气古近系陆相页岩矿物组成有机碳含量

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古龙页岩油——揭示陆相页岩从生油到产油的另一个地学新领域 Article

何文渊, 朱如凯, 崔宝文, 张水昌, 蒙启安, 白斌, 冯子辉, 雷征东, 吴松涛, 何坤, 刘合, 孙龙德

《工程（英文）》 2023年第28卷第9期页码 79-92 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.08.018

摘要：

大庆古龙页岩黏土矿物含量高达35%～45%，其粒径<0.0039 mm，石油流体横向流动性差，纵向基本不流动，因此古龙页岩一直被认为没有经济价值。近年来，我们从地球科学、渗流力学、热力学以及表面力学等多学科交叉研究入手，论证了古龙页岩油具高成熟度和高滞留烃的特点，高成熟阶段页岩排烃效率为32%～48%；有机质与黏土矿物复合体发育的孔隙与页理缝连通构成缝-孔组合储集体，是古龙页岩有利的储集空间；页岩油主要赋存在微纳米级别孔隙、层理缝与页理缝中，气油比高，可动流体饱和度中到高分布；页岩具高硬度、高弹性模量以及高断裂韧性特征，获得了古龙页岩勘探开发从生烃与储集理论创新到可动性、可压性、可采性等技术突破，实现了古龙页岩从生油到产油的重大转变，这对中国石油工业具有极其重要的科学价值和应用前景。

关键词：古龙页岩古龙页岩油微纳米孔隙页理缝陆相产油

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The Fast Road of Shale Gas Development in China —Reflections on Building a Special Test Areas for NationalShale Gas Development

Da-wei Zhang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 364-372 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015062

摘要： China’s shale gas development has had a good start. It is necessary that the developers take advantage of the opportunity to make further efforts to promote shale gas development in China, in particular by rolling out a comprehensive plan on a national level. The author makes a proposal to establish a special shale gas test area in and adjacent to the Sichuan Basin as the most important way to promote the rapid development of shale gas in China. For this purpose, the author analyzes the current situation and problems of shale gas development in China, addresses the necessity and feasibility of establishing a special test area for shale gas development, and draws up the scope of this shale gas special test area of about 450 thousand square kilometers, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and part of Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei provinces, and proposes the establishment of a shale gas test area in China. This consists of an overall plan, targets, and contents in 10 aspects, along with organization and implementation modes. The shale gas exploration and development in the shale gas zones is promoted vigorously by introducing special policies and innovating exploration, development and utilization model. While at the same time, the shale gas zones of continental facies in the Ordos Basin and marine-terrigenous facies in South Hubei Basin will be established. The experiences of the reform in the shale gas zones will be the good practice for the reform of petroleum organization system.

关键词： China shale gas exploration and development reform special shale gas test area (shale gas zone)

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of solid product produced from co-pyrolysis of Pingdingshan lean coal with organic matter in Huadian oilshale

Xiangchun Liu, Jun Hu, Ruilun Xie, Bin Fang, Ping Cui

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 363-372 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1944-7

摘要： A mixture of Pingdingshan lean coal and acid-treated Huadian oil shale was co-pyrolyzed in a drop-tube fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range of 300 °C–450 °C. To reveal the formation mechanism of the solid co-pyrolysis product, changes in some physicochemical properties were investigated, using analysis by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, pore analysis, thermogravimetry, and electron spin resonance. X-ray diffraction showed that the lattice plane spacing for the co-pyrolyzed mixture decreased from 0.357 nm to 0.346 nm and the average stacking height increased from 1.509 nm to 1.980 nm in the temperature range of 300 °C–450 °C, suggesting that pyrolysis treatment increased its degree of metamorphism. The amount of oxygen-containing functional groups and pore volume decreased with increasing temperature. Thermogravimetry and electron spin resonance results showed that synergistic effects occurred during the co-pyrolysis process. A formation mechanism for the solid product was proposed. Hydrogen-rich radicals generated from the pyrolysis of the oil shale were trapped by hydrogen-poor macromolecular radicals of the intermediate metaplast produced from coal pyrolysis, thereby increasing the yield of solid product.

关键词： co-pyrolysis coal oil shale electron spin resonance mechanism

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A Review on Shale Gas Development in Fuling

Zhi-gang Wang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第1期页码 76-81 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015011

摘要： The Fuling Marine Shale Deposit contains vast gas resources. Due to tectonic activities, complex surface and geological conditions, significant differences make it unlike that of North America. Thus, it is not suitable to completely copy the technology and the development model from North America. Therefore we need engineering technology and a business development model fit for Fuling Shale Gas Development (FSGD). Through difficulties and characteristics analysis of the shale gas development area, we determined geological engineering design methods and integrated workflow, established a series of the core technologies, including horizontal well drilling with long laterals, staged fracturing and completion technology, developed main fluids, tools and equipment, put forward “well factory” mode in mountain region and “full cycle learning and system optimization” management methods. Break through was made in China’s first large-scale shale gas fields commercial development. By the end of 2014, production capacity reached 25 × 10 m /a, and cumulative gas production reached 12.24 × 10 m , which made a solid foundation to build production capacity of 50 × 10 m /a in 2015 and 100 × 10 m /a in 2017. Not only has FSGD established a demonstration for the other shale gas fields’ development, but also will be taken as reference to other large and extra-large construction projects of the industry.

关键词： Fuling shale gas drilling and completion staged fracturing learning curve capacity building commercial development

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Engineering Philosophy-based Reflections on Efficient Development of Shale Gas in China

He Liu,Jian-wen Yan,Qing-hai Yang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 108-113 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015030

摘要： The Shale Gas Revolution began to have a significant impact on global supply and demand of natural gas; also the price trend of natural gas has been greatly affected. This phenomenon raised concerns among natural gas producers and consumers. China has abundant shale gas resources, but the development scale is small while facing problems including weak exploration and evaluation basis, overlapping royalties, complex terrestrial environment, lack of technical practices and accumulation, inadequate management and regulatory mechanisms, etc. To overcome these challenges for large-scale shale gas development, we believe that shale gas development is not only a single technical problem, but a systematic engineering demanding multidisciplinary research that will be bound to spread to humans, nature, and society. Therefore, to ensure the healthy development of China’s shale gas, it is required to coordinate global and local relationships, engineering and community relations, as well as to break up the conflicts between engineering and nature, engineering and economy, along with engineering and society.

关键词： shale gas development engineering energy revolution engineering philosophy reflections

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CO, N, and CO/N mixed gas injection for enhanced shale gas recovery and CO geological storage

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 428-445 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0865-9

摘要： In this work, using fractured shale cores, isothermal adsorption experiments and core flooding tests were conducted to investigate the performance of injecting different gases to enhance shale gas recovery and CO₂ geological storage efficiency under real reservoir conditions. The adsorption process of shale to different gases was in agreement with the extended-Langmuir model, and the adsorption capacity of CO₂ was the largest, followed by CH_4, and that of N₂ was the smallest of the three pure gases. In addition, when the CO₂ concentration in the mixed gas exceeded 50%, the adsorption capacity of the mixed gas was greater than that of CH₄, and had a strong competitive adsorption effect. For the core flooding tests, pure gas injection showed that the breakthrough time of CO₂ was longer than that of N₂, and the CH₄ recovery factor at the breakthrough time (

R C H 4

) was also higher than that of N₂. The

R C H 4

of CO₂ gas injection was approximately 44.09%, while the

R C H 4

of N₂ was only 31.63%. For CO₂/N₂ mixed gas injection, with the increase of CO₂ concentration, the

R C H 4

increased, and the

R C H 4

for mixed gas CO₂/N₂ = 8:2 was close to that of pure CO₂, about 40.24%. Moreover, the breakthrough time of N₂ in mixed gas was not much different from that when pure N₂ was injected, while the breakthrough time of CO₂ was prolonged, which indicated that with the increase of N₂ concentration in the mixed gas, the breakthrough time of CO₂ could be extended. Furthermore, an abnormal surge of N₂ concentration in the produced gas was observed after N₂ breakthrough. In regards to CO₂ storage efficiency (

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

), as the CO₂ concentration increased,

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

also increased. The

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

of the pure CO₂ gas injection was about 35.96%, while for mixed gas CO₂/N₂ = 8:2,

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

was about 32.28%.

关键词： shale gas gas injection competitive adsorption enhanced shale gas recovery CO₂ geological storage

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Discovery of Fuling Shale Gas Field and its prospects

Xusheng GUO, Yuping LI, Jinlei LI, Minggang FENG, Hua DUAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 354-366 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0581-z

摘要： A series of breakthroughs have been made in the understanding, evaluation, and exploration of shale gas from discovery, environmental protection to efficient exploration in the discovering of Fuling Gas Field. By revealing the positive correlation between organic carbon content and siliceous mineral content of shale deposited in deep shelf, dynamic preservation mechanism of “early retention and late deformation,” it is clarified that the shales deposited in deep shelf are the most favorable for shale gas generation, storage and fracturing. The preserving conditions determine the levels of shale gas accumulation, thus the evaluation concept of taking the quality of the shale as the base and the preserving conditions as key is proposed, the evaluation system for strategic selection of favorable zones is established for marine shale gas exploration in Southern China. Moreover, the “sweet point” seismic forecasting technologies for marine shale gas, the “six properties” logging technologies for evaluating shale gas layers, the technologies for quick and efficient drilling of horizontal well groups, and the fracturing technologies for composite fractures for horizontal wells are invented. The paper discussed the exploration prospect of shale gas in the shales of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in great depth in Sichuan Basin, shale gas exploration in the outer region of the south, and continental shale gas exploration in China.

关键词： shale gas accumulation laws exploration technologies Longmaxi Formation Fuling Shale Gas Field Sichuan Basin

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能源革命推动老工业基地转型发展战略研究

黄其励,李全生,李伟起,栗继祖,张凯

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第1期页码 79-85 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.01.011

摘要：

老工业基地因体制机制和社会经济结构矛盾等因素，发展过程中面临诸多问题和挑战亟需转型，能源革命是推动老工业基地转型的重要支撑。本文在阐述老工业基地基本特征和能源供需现状的基础上，分析了东北、山西老工业基地能源转型发展存在的关键问题，提出了老工业基地的能源转型发展战略，并归纳了转型发展的战略举措和对策建议。通过量化分析和战略研判，分别论述了东北、山西老工业基地能源革命的内涵和战略定位，提出了面向2035 年、2050 年的老工业基地转型发展的战略目标。为推动老工业基地能源产业转型升级改造，实现能源生产和消费方式的根本性转变，本文从构建“山西–蒙东– 东北”能源经济特区，鼓励开展页岩油开发，支持废弃油气藏、废弃矿井的综合利用，支持资源型地区转型发展，加大化石能源资源转化利用，建设可再生能源多元化利用示范基地，加大人才引进力度并落实人才激励政策机制7 个方面提出了政策保障建议。

关键词：能源革命，老工业基地，多元化利用，能源合作，页岩油开发

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中美页岩气成藏条件、分布特征差异研究与启示

李建忠,李登华,董大忠,王社教

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 56-63

摘要：

美国页岩气大多为海相热成因型，产气页岩主要分布在前陆和克拉通盆地的泥盆—石炭系，埋藏深度一般为1 500~3 500 m。我国页岩分为海相、海陆过渡相与煤系、湖相三类，其中海相页岩主要发育在坳拉槽和克拉通盆地的下古生界，富有机质集中段分布稳定，热成熟度偏高，有较高的含气量，勘探前景最好；海陆过渡相与煤系页岩主要发育在大型坳陷和前陆盆地，层系以石炭系—侏罗系为主，没有明显的富有机质集中段，含气量差别较大，勘探潜力有待落实；湖相页岩主要发育在中、新生代陆相盆地，富有机质集中段厚度大，成熟度较高的凹陷中心区可能具有一定资源前景。预测我国页岩气勘探将经历较长的探索期，未来年产量可达500亿～600亿m3规模。

关键词：页岩气成藏条件分布特征富有机质页岩中美对比启示